MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, NASHIK

SYLLABUS OF BACHELOR OF PROSTHETICS AND ORTHOTICS

THIS NEW SYLLABUS FOR F.Y. , S.Y., & T.Y. BPO TO BE APPLICABLE FROM

JUNE 2001 BATCH.

(FIRST YEAR)

Anatomy Theory :

General : Introduction and definitions, Anatomical terms, Regions of body, Body cavities and their contents. Cell structure, arrangement in to organs and systems.

Embryology : Introduction. Development of spines and extremities.

Osteology : Structure and function of bones and joints, Skull, Vertebrae, Upper extremity and Lower extremity.

Systemic : Nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, integumentary system, locomotor system and musculo-skeletal system.

Regional : Head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis.

Upper Extremity: Gross structure and function of upper limb, Blood supply to the limb, Brachial plexus, main nerves to upper limb, cutaneous nerve supply, origins, insertions, actions and nerve supply of muscles of upper limb and surface anatomy.

Spine in different

regions : Outline of structure and function vertebral column, detailed structure of vertebrae. Structure and function of atlantoccipital, atlantoaxial and all other intervertebral joints, Musculature producing movements of vertebral column. Structure of spinal cord and nerve roots at various levels. Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.

Lower Extremity: Gross structure and function of lower limb, Blood supply to the limb, lumbo- sacral plexus, main nerves to lower limb,cutaneous nerve supply, origins insertions, actions and nerve supply, of muscles of lower limb and surface anatomy.

Applied : Surface anatomy and marking.

Anatomy Practical:

Histology : Demonstration of various tissues and cells.

Dissection : Demonstration of dissected Lower Limb &

PhysiologyTheory:

General : Introduction and definition of various terms, cell structure and function including cell division various tissues and their functions. Body water and body fluids,Oedema,Metabolism.

The Blood : Coagulation of the blood, Red blood corpuscles, White blood corpuscles. Immunity reaction and inflammation.

Nerves System : Reflex action. The regulation of posture. General survey of voluntary movements. Pain, Reflex action. Autonomic Nervous System.

Cardio Vascular System : General considerations. Heart rate, Regulation of blood Pressure, Peripheral circulation, Capillaries vascular responses of the skin.

Musculo Skeletal System : Voluntary, Involuntary muscles and their functions. Regulation of posture. Physiology of various types of joints.

Respiratory System : General considerations, Oxygen carriage of blood, Carbon dioxide transport in the body. Anoxia, Cyanosis, Dyspnoea, Regulation of the body temperature. Respiratory function tests.

Applied Physiology : Pulse, Hypertension, structure and function of arteries and its branches, tissue perfusion. Physiology of muscular exercises. Functions of skin.

Skin : Structure and Functions of skin.

Genetics : Basic theories of genetics with particular reference to inheritence and physical

abnormalities.

Physiology Practical:

Practical : Common relevant haemotological investigations and muscle testing.

Demonstration : Recording of Blood Pressure and pulse.

Workshop Technology Theory:

General Processing : Introduction to bench work and hand tools. Measuring tools and instruments. Bench work and fitting. Mechanical working of metals,

smithy :- forging. soldering, brazing and welding (related to prosthetic & orthotic workshop).

Workshop Technology Theory:

Machines : Lathe:- Central lathe, study of main parts and operations. Mass production Lathes:- Capston lathe, Turrete lathe, study of their working and main

parts.Drilling machines:- Sensitive drilling machine, Upright drilling machine,

Radial drilling machine, Mass production drilling machine:- Gang drilling,

machine, Multiple Spindle drilling machine and Automatic drilling machine. Study of their parts and operations. Work holding devices of above drilling machine.

Grinders (Rough grinders):- Floor stand and bench grinders. Portable and flexible

grinders. Swing frame grinders. Abrasive belt grinders. Different types of grinders

and their uses, Operation methods. Tool shape of Grinders. Precision Grinders:-

Cylindrical Center-type grinders, Plain center type grinders, Centreless grinders

(external & internal), Surface grinders, Tool and cutter grinders. Grinding wheels,

Wheels shape and sizes. Bond & bonding processes.Milling machines:- Column & Knee type milling machine.Work holding devices of milling machine.

Workshop Administration:

Introduction : Administration and Management structure. Industrial management. Definition of organization. Principles of good organization, types

of organization. Administration and Management.

Store Purchase : Store and store organization. Purchase organization.

Production : Production engineering, Production systems. Wages and incentives.

Planning : Plant layout, Workshop layout, Planning of Prosthetics and Orthotics workshop, Prosthetics and Orthotics measurements, Fitting training departments. Management of recording systems, Record for patients and stores.

Construction : Construction, Ventilation, Lighting, further expansion.

Management : Concept of management, Scientific management, Taylor’s and Fayol’s

principles of scientific management.

Workshop Technology Term Work: Smithy Orthotics one pair of Ankle joint. Prepare one pair

of Knee joint. Prepare one pair of Hip joint.

Prosthetics : Prepare one pair of Knee joint. Prepare one pair of Hip joint.

Fitting Orthotics : Prepare one pair of Ankle joint. Prepare one pair of Knee joint. Prepare one pair of Hip joint.

Prosthetics : Prepare one pair of Knee joint. Prepare one pair of Hip joint.

Materials Tools and Mechanics:

Metals and Alloys : Fundamentals of metals and alloys and their properties. Refining of Iron ore:- Pig iron, Cast iron, Carbon Steel, Alloy steel and Stainless steel. Crystal structure of metals, Micro structure of carbon steel (Mild steel). Heating and Cooling diagram of carbon steel (mild steel). Ferrous metals and alloys and non-ferrous metals and alloys useful in the field of P&O.

Wood : Types of wood, Seasoning, Lamination, Properties and Utilization in the field of P&O.

Leather : Types of leather, Tanning, Properties and Utilization in the field of P&O.

Fabric : Types of fabric, Properties , Utilization and selection suitable for the

P&O purpose.

Tools : Tools used for metals, Wood, Leather, Fabrics and Plastics.

Plastics : Plastics and their properties, Different types of Polymers – Ist generation, IInd generation and latest polymers. Plastics useful in the field of P&O.

Mechanics Theory:

General Foundation : Definition of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Units, Dimension Homogenity, Scalar and Vector, Materials Quantities, Newton’s Laws, Resolution and Summation of Forces and Moments in two dimensions, Equivalent force system, Equations of equilibrium, Parallel and non-

parallel forces, Linear motion, Uniform acceleration, Friction, Energy, Moments of coplanar forces.

Mechanics Theory:

Simple Stress and Strain: Definition of Stress and Strain, Factor of safety stress's, Modulus of Elasticity, Longitudinal strain. Poison’s ratio, etc. Stress Strain curve, simple problems to understand the Poison’s ratio.

Engineering Drawing and Hydraulics In Prosthetics and Orthotics:

Introduction : Drawing instruments and their uses. Lines, Lettering, General principles of presentation, Section and other conventions. Conventional representation, Circle, Tangent, Ellipse, Cycloid, Involute of circle, Spirals. Constructions of Polygons, Projection of Planes, Solids, Development and section of solids. Planes, Lines and Solids inclined to one plane. section and simple sectional view. Projections of Points, Lines, Concepts of H.P., V.P., etc, line inclined to both plane.Planes & Solids inclines to one of the planes & parallel to others.

Developments of Solids, Prisms, Pyramids, Cones, Cylinders. Sectional view, plane inclined to one, Elevation, Plan & True shape of a section.

General Principles : Dimensions on technical drawing. Indication of linear and angular tolerance on technical drawing. Methods of dimensioning and tolerance . Method of indicating surface texture on technical drawing. Orthographic projections, Drawing of screw thread, Bolt screws, foundation bolt, nuts & bolts. Welded joints. Dimensioning and sketching of simple machine parts in Orthotics and Prosthetics appliances.

Engineering Drawing Sketching:

A) General : Sketching for preparing assembly, Workshop drawing and preparing detailed drawing from assembly drawing of simple machine elements like Bench vice, Knee Sheen assembly, Foot Pieces. Prosthetic and Orthotic hip joints, Knee and Ankle joints and Special Orthotic and Prosthetic Components. Prepare a layout of Workshop- Prosthetic and Orthotic, Detailing of Equipments & machineries. Layout of ideal set up for P&O laboratory. Engineering Drawing related to P&O Application: Free hand sketches. Different types of Orthotics & Prosthetics joints used such as foot, ankle joint, knee joint, hip joint, etc

B) Hydraulics and Pneumatics : General principles of flow of fluids, Viscosity of fluids, Pascals’s Law, Behavior of fluids in close chambers. All systems related to devices used in Prosthetics and Orthotics, detailing hydraulic knee.

Engineering Drawing Term Work:

Practice : A student will prepare a hand book which will contain minimum of following exercises. Showing different types of Orthotics joints, Assemblies and sections (min. 2 exercises)Showing different types of Prosthetics joints, Assemblies and sections (min. 2 exercises)Hydraulic Knee joints popularly used in Prosthetic (min. 1 exercises)Student will prepare a sheet on half imperial size (min. 6 exercises)To prepare layout plan of ideal prosthetic & orthotics workshop, training laboratories, indicating different types of machines/equipments.

Electronic and Computers:

Electro Technology:

Basic Concepts: Basic symbols, Electron theory, Electrical units, SI systems of units, Charge,Current, Resistance, Potential Difference, Electromotive force, Energy, Power, Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Law, Circuit symbols. Voltage and Current relationship, Energy storage, DC circuit, AC circuit, Sine wave, Frequency, Period, Phase peak and instantaneous value, Phase angle, Resistors : Resistors in series and in parallel. RL, RCF and RLC series circuit, Complex diagrams, Apparent and active power, Power factor.

Magnetism : Magnetism & Eletro-magnetism.

Transformers : Principles of transformers, ideal transformers voltage turns and current ratios. Semi-Conductors: Semi-Conductors and insulators. Conduction in intrinsic and extrinsic ratios. Energy Bands in metals.

Power Supplies : The Diode, Ideal and practical current and voltage characteristics. Half wave and Full wave rectifier. Wave forms with and without smoothing circuits, mean output voltage for purely resistive load. Batteries.

Amplifiers : Amplifiers as a system elements. The small single equivalent circuit having a controlled source. Voltage and current gain the decibel power gain. Amplifier frequency response. Operational amplifier, ideal characteristics, difference mode and common mode rejection ratio. Noise and drift voltages and their source in amplifiers and bio-systems.

Measuring Instruments : Galvano meter, Ampere meter, Volt meter, Oscilloscope.

Feedback : Feedback, Voltage series, Negative feedback and Loop gain, Loop gain accuracy, Input resistance, Band width of noise. Feedback, runaway and

oscillation.

Transducer: Measurement technique, Type of transducer, Resistors sensitive to temperature, Strain and Light.

Electrical Safety: Electrical safety description of single phase, supply system and voltage involve. Function of line, natural and earth in single phase system. Current practice in pin connection and colour codes. Simple safety procedure to be taken while servicing equipments. Effects on safety conditions. Fuses, conductors and earth detector voltage regulators integrated circuits.

Bio-electricity : Biological potentials. Muscle action potentials, Electromyography. Myoelectricity. Types of myoelectrode, comparison with surface electrode.

Fundamental of Digital Circuitry: Analog versus Digital, Number system, Basic logic gate, logic family characteristics, combining logical gate, memories introduction to microprocessor

Computer : Introduction to computer, component of computer, software & hardware, basic concept of CAD/CAM technology. AutoCAD. Computer used for prosthetics & orthotics.

Electronics Practical: 1. Introduction to the basic electronic component and their symbols.

2. Introduction to measuring instruments used in electronics.

3. Introduction to Oscilloscope and its function.

4. To understand Ohm’s Law.

5. To understand the effect of resistors (in series and parallel)

6. To understand PN junction. Functioning of Diode and its VI

characteristics.

7. To understand conversion of AC to DC, Half wave rectification.

8. Full wave rectification.

9. Bridge rectifier.

10. To understand functioning of Operational Amplifier.

Computer Practical : 1. Introduction to Digital Logic Gate.

2. To understand “Truth Table” of different logic gate

(AND, OR, NAND, NOR )

3. Introduction to computer components and its peripherals.

4. Introduction to CAD/CAM technology.

5. Configuration of CAD/CAM.

6. File opening and saving.

7. Detail function of F1 to F10 keys.

8. Simple diagram representation.

9. Different tools used in CAD/CAM.

10. Plotting of Diagram.

Psychology:

Psychology and the individual, Intelligence and abilities, Learning and remembering,

Psychological development, Cognitive Processes, Personality, Behavior, Moral

Development, Psychological aspects of disability, The role of the Family, Child with

the disability, Parents of the disabled child, Acceptance of severely disabled

Patients, Social sexual relationships, Independent living.

Accidents Hazards:

Industrial accidents, road traffic accidents, rail accidents. Industrial and other hazards. Introduction to safety

Safety- A Management Function.

Basic principles of Accident Prevention.

Physical, physiological and Psychological Factors in safety.

Occupational Hygiene and Health.

Safety in Engineering and industry.

Safety in prosthetic Workshops.

Safety in Management of Plastic Fabrication appliances and lamination including vacuum forming machines.

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT SUBJECTS (COLLEGE EXAMINATION)

First Aid:

Theory and Practical : Basic principles, Wounds, Bandaging, Splinting, Handling of casualties artificial respiration, External cardiac massage, First aid for insect bite, Snake bite, etc.

Statistics : Questionnaire for use in planning investigation and in evolutionary reports. Purpose and general method of investigation. The population and sampling sub-division of population after an experiment. Skeletal layout for results inter separation after an experiment. Measures of central tendency. Dispersion. Measures of Skew ness, Kurtosis. Correlation and regression. Probability expectations condition probability. Interpretation after a survey sample sizes, collecting, recording and examining the data. Last information estimating population, percentage from samples of frequency data on introduction to random/processes. Variation between measurements. Comparison by measurement. Concomitant variation and trends.

Social Works : Profession and social work in medial setup. M.S.W. in rehabilitation, practical and environment difficulties and patient in use of appliances. Evaluation of handicapped, educational aspects. Job analysis, Job placement.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION : FIRST YEAR B.P.O.
Sr. No.		Subjects		Theory	Internal Assessment		Term Work	Practical /Oral	Seminar	Time
1.		Anatomy.		80	20		-	-	-
2.		Physiology & Applied Physiology.		80	20		-	-	-
3.		Workshop Technology & Administration.		80	20		100	100	20
4.		Materials, Tools & Mechanics		80	20		20	-	20
5.		Engineering Drawing & Hydraulics in Prosthetics & Ortthotics.		80	20		80	-	20
6.		Electronics & Computers.		80	20		100	100	20
7.		Psychology.		40	10		-	-	-
8.		Accidemts & Hazards.		40	10		-	-	-
		Total		560	140		300	200	80
INTERNAL ASSESEMENT SUBJECTS.
Sr. No.	Subjects		Marks Distribution			Remarks
Þ	FIRST AID		50 (10 + 40)			They will prepare journal on given topic & submit as a part of Term Work.
Þ	STATISTICS		50 (10 + 40)
Þ	SOCIAL WORK		50 (10 + 40)

As per direction number 22/2001 on "Conduct of Examination" issued on 08/08/2001. There will be three heads of passing & passing will be 50 % in each head.

1. Theory

2. Practical + Oral

3. Internal Assessment (Theory + Practical)

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